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Biologists say the inadvertent discovery of sea life on a boulder underneath an Antarctic ice shelf challenges our understanding of how organisms can live in environments far from sunlight.
The team drilled through the 900-metre-thick Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and dropped a camera down the hole in search of mud on the seabed. To their surprise, the camera revealed a boulder ringed by animals. Video footage appear to show 16 sponges, accompanied by 22 unidentified animals which could include barnacles. It is the first time such immobile life has been found beneath an Antarctic ice sheet.
“There’s all sorts of reasons they shouldn’t be there,” says Huw Griffiths at the British Antarctic Survey, who analysed the footage. He thinks the animals, which are likely filter feeders, survive on nutrients carried in the -2°C water. The conundrum is they are so far from obvious nutrient sources, given that the boulder is located 260 kilometres from the open water at the front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf where photosynthetic organisms can survive.
British Antarctic Survey camera travelling down the 900-meter-long bore hole in the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (the animal in the image is unrelated to the discovery)
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Dr Huw Griffiths/British Antarctic Survey
What’s more, the sponges’ food is probably travelling from even further afield says Griffiths. Given what we know about the oceans currents in the area, the nearest up-current source of sunlight appears to be 600km away.
It is not yet clear whether the rock-hugging animals are new to science, how long-lived they are – some Antarctic glass sponges are tens of thousands of years old – or how often they feed, be it once a year, a decade or a century. But there are signs the life on this single boulder is not a one-off: filming also captured a single sponge on another rock nearby.
The significance of the find is that it suggests life in Antarctica’s harshest environments is more adaptable and more biodiverse than thought.
“We’ve discovered this isn’t some graveyard where a few things cling on, it’s more complicated than we thought,” says Griffiths. As ice sheets collapse in a warming world, species such as those found on the boulder may prove unable to adapt to rapid changes.
Learning more about how the organisms have adapted to their freezing home far from food may also give us clues about how life evolved during “Snowball Earth” hundreds of millions of years ago.
Griffiths now wants to study the animals more closely. But it won’t be easy in such a remote, harsh place: tiny remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) lowered down a borehole in the ice are one option that may unlock the answers.
Journal reference: Frontiers in Marine Science, DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.642040
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